Lymph node swelling from symptoms to recovery

The lymphatic system is one of the key lines of defense for our health. As a practicing physician I have met patients every day who came worried about swollen lymph nodes, i.e., a palpable lymph node. This article discusses the enlargement of lymph nodes.  

The role of the lymphatic system in our body

There are a few hundred lymph nodes in your body whose primary role is to defend against pathogens. These pea- or bean-sized organs are located in the neck, underarm, chest, abdomen and groin regions.

When your body encounters a pathogen, the production of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) accelerates in the lymph nodes, which can naturally cause swelling.

The most common causes of lymph node swelling

Various infections are the most frequent cause of swelling. Bacterial origins may include an upper respiratory infection, Lyme disease, tularemia or tuberculosis. Among viral infections, the common cold, mononucleosis, measles or HIV infection often cause swelling. Less commonly, fungal infections and parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis may be responsible.

Autoimmune diseases can also cause lymph node enlargement. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus often accompany enlarged lymph nodes. Unfortunately, cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia or metastatic tumors from other organs can also present with lymph node swelling.

Warning signs and symptoms

Particular attention should be paid to swellings that persist for more than two weeks, or if the lymph node feels hard and is not movable. It is alarming if the node is painless but steadily increasing in size, or if its diameter exceeds 1.5–2 centimeters. Night sweats, fever and unexplained weight loss occurring together are serious warning signs. If swallowing or breathing difficulties accompany the symptoms, immediate medical evaluation is necessary.

The location of the swelling carries important information about the underlying cause. Swelling of the neck lymph nodes often indicates an upper respiratory infection, while enlargement of the underarm lymph nodes can signal breast problems or an arm injury. Swelling in the groin area is usually associated with infections of the lower limb or genital region. If swellings occur throughout the body, this often suggests a systemic disease.

Diagnostic process

A correct diagnosis requires a comprehensive examination. During a thorough physical exam I assess the size, texture, mobility, tenderness and exact location of the lymph nodes. Of imaging tests, ultrasound is excellent for examining the structure of lymph nodes. If necessary, a chest X-ray or CT scan can be performed for more detailed imaging.

Laboratory tests include not only a complete blood count and inflammatory markers, but depending on the underlying disease, specific blood tests may also be performed. If needed to establish the diagnosis, a histological examination is carried out, during which a sample is taken from the lymph node.

Treatment options

Treatment is always tailored to the underlying disease. In bacterial infections we use antibiotic therapy, while with viral infections symptomatic treatment and support of the immune system are prioritized. In autoimmune diseases, targeted treatment of the underlying condition together with anti-inflammatory therapy is required.

In the case of cancer, complex oncological treatment is necessary, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or targeted biological therapies. The treatment plan is always individualized, taking into account the type and stage of the disease.

The special situation of children

In children and infants, monitoring lymph node swellings is particularly important. In children, an enlargement exceeding 1 centimeter, and in infants exceeding 0.5 centimeter, should prompt investigation. It is important to know that due to teething and frequent colds, mild, longer-lasting swelling can be normal in them.

The role of a healthy lifestyle

The key to recovery and prevention is a healthy lifestyle. A diet rich in vitamins and minerals, adequate protein intake and proper hydration are essential for the immune system to function properly. Regular but not excessive exercise, especially yoga or swimming, and daily walks significantly contribute to strengthening the immune system.

Proper rest is also crucial. Sleeping 7–8 hours a night, applying stress-management techniques and regular relaxation not only aid recovery but also play an important role in disease prevention.

Lymph node swelling is most often a temporary and harmless phenomenon, but warning signs warrant serious investigation. Most problems detected in time are treatable. Pay attention to your body's signals and see a doctor promptly.